Mirror box therapy produces the illusion of movement and touch in a phantom limb which in turn may cause a reduction in pain. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump, or current from electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord, all produce relief in some patients. Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours, weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality others experience several bouts of pain per day, or it may reoccur less often. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72% of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 67% reported it.
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The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. Phantom pain is pain felt in a part of the body that has been amputated, or from which the brain no longer receives signals. It has no biological function and is classified by stimuli into dynamic mechanical, punctate and static. Chronic pain may be classified as " cancer-related" or "benign." Allodynia Īllodynia is pain experienced in response to a normally painless stimulus. A popular alternative definition of "chronic pain", involving no arbitrarily fixed duration, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". : 93 Others apply "acute" to pain that lasts less than 30 days, "chronic" to pain of more than six months' duration, and "subacute" to pain that lasts from one to six months. Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time between onset and resolution the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months. Pain that lasts a long time is called " chronic" or "persistent", and pain that resolves quickly is called " acute". Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal),.The International Association for the Study of Pain recommends using specific features to describe a patient's pain: įirst attested in English in 1297, the word peyn comes from the Old French peine, in turn from Latin poena meaning "punishment, penalty" (also meaning "torment, hardship, suffering" in Late Latin) and that from Greek ποινή ( poine), generally meaning "price paid, penalty, punishment". In some debates regarding physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, pain has been used as an argument to permit people who are terminally ill to end their lives. Psychological factors such as social support, cognitive behavioral therapy, excitement, or distraction can affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness. Simple pain medications are useful in 20% to 70% of cases.
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It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. Sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease. Most pain resolves once the noxious stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but it may persist despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body. Pain motivates the individual to withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar experiences in the future. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is regarded as a symptom of an underlying condition. Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. Unpleasant sensory and emotional sensations